眼科

最後醫學審核日期:2025年2月11日。
讀者須知:本文提供的一般性資訊僅供教育用途,不應視為醫療建議或替代合格醫療專業人員的諮詢。

 

什麼是眼科?

香港醫學專科學院(HKAM)將眼科定義為「一門處理視覺障礙、眼部疾病及其相關結構全面診斷與管理的醫學專科」[1]。作為專業領域,眼科涵蓋從常規視力檢查到複雜手術程序的廣泛眼保健服務。眼科醫生是接受過專業培訓的眼科健康與視力照護專家。[2]

 

眼科專科醫生

在香港,「眼科專科醫生」是一個受監管的專業稱號。只有通過香港醫學專科學院認可眼科培訓和/或認證的醫生才能使用此稱號[3]。這些醫生隨後有資格列入香港醫務委員會的專科醫生名冊。[4]

 

眼科範疇

眼科涵蓋多方面的眼保健服務[5],包括:

  • 診斷與治療:眼科醫生能識別和管理從常見屈光不正到複雜眼疾的廣泛眼部問題。
  • 手術介入:這些專家執行精細的眼部手術,如眼瞼手術、白內障摘除、青光眼治療和角膜屈光手術。
  • 預防保健:眼科醫生進行的定期眼睛檢查可早期發現眼疾和全身健康問題的徵兆。
  • 藥物管理:眼科醫生開立藥物和治療方案來處理各種眼部問題和疾病。

 

眼科醫生處理的常見眼部問題

眼科醫生管理廣泛的眼部相關問題,從眼睛外部及周圍到眼球內部,包括:

  1. 眼瞼位置異常(眼瞼下垂、眼瞼皮膚過多、眼瞼外翻、眼瞼內翻、眼袋)[6, 7]
  2. 眼瞼炎症(霰粒腫、麥粒腫、眼瞼炎)[8]
  3. 淚管阻塞(鼻淚管阻塞、溢淚)[9]
  4. 結膜炎(過敏性、感染性、刺激性)[10]
  5. 乾眼症
  6. 眼部及眼周皮膚問題(眼部玫瑰痤瘡、皮膚癌、濕疹)
  7. 屈光不正(近視、遠視、散光、老花)
  8. 葡萄膜炎
  9. 白內障
  10. 青光眼
  11. 糖尿病視網膜病變
  12. 老年性黃斑部病變(AMD)
  13. 視網膜剝離
  14. 眼外傷(眼瞼裂傷、眼眶骨折)

 

眼科醫生在醫療保健中的角色

眼科醫生在維護和改善眼睛及全身健康方面發揮重要作用[11]。他們的職責包括:

  • 全面眼睛檢查:這些詳細評估包括視力檢查、屈光不正篩查和眼睛內部結構健康評估。[12]
  • 診斷技術:眼科醫生運用多種技術診斷眼部問題,包括光學相干斷層掃描(OCT)、自動視野檢查、高解析度數位視網膜成像和螢光血管造影。[13-15]
  • 個性化治療計劃:根據診斷結果,眼科醫生制定個人化治療策略,可能包括持續監測、藥物治療、手術或生活方式調整。
  • 手術程序:對於需要手術介入的情況,眼科醫生執行從雷射治療到複雜重建手術等各種程序。[16]
  • 協作基層醫療:眼科醫生常與前線醫療專業人員如全科醫生和家庭醫學醫生合作,管理影響眼睛健康的全身性疾病,包括糖尿病和高血壓。[17]
  • 跨專科團隊合作:眼科醫生也與其他專科醫生合作,診斷、監測和協助管理需要多專科照護的複雜醫療狀況,或密切追蹤影響眼睛的全身性治療。這些包括風濕病、神經系統、自體免疫、血管、感染性和皮膚病等領域。[18, 19]

 

眼科專業領域

眼科專科包含多個特定領域[20-22]。從眼睛前部到後部,這些專業包括:

  1. 眼整形與眼眶
  2. 角膜與外部疾病
  3. 葡萄膜炎與眼部免疫學
  4. 青光眼
  5. 視網膜與玻璃體
  6. 小兒眼科
  7. 神經眼科

 

何時應就診眼科醫生

定期眼睛檢查對每個人都很重要。某些情況需要更密切的追蹤。[23]
需要立即就診眼科醫生的情況:
– 視力突然變化、模糊或喪失
– 眼睛疼痛、發紅和/或畏光
– 視野中出現閃光或新的飛蚊症
– 突發性眼瞼下垂或複視
– 任何眼睛外傷、傷害或事故後
– 眼瞼割傷(裂傷)

其他應就診眼科醫生的原因:
– 任何視覺障礙或眼部症狀
– 糖尿病相關眼部問題
– 存在其他健康問題,如自體免疫疾病
– 家族眼疾史
– 年齡相關眼部問題(通常40歲後)
– 乾眼症

 

定期眼睛檢查的重要性

定期眼睛檢查有助於維持最佳眼睛健康並早期發現潛在問題。對於兒童眼睛篩查,有按年齡分段制定的篩查方案。這些方案在不同階段涉及各種醫療保健提供者,包括兒科醫生、家庭醫生、訓練有素的眼篩人員和眼科醫生。[24]對於成人,即使沒有任何視力問題,眼科醫生建議40歲時進行基準眼疾篩查。[25]55歲後,應每年進行眼睛檢查。
然而,已有眼部問題或風險因素者可能需要更頻繁的檢查。

 

結論

眼科是專注於保護和增強視力與眼睛健康的醫學專科。從常規眼睛護理到複雜手術程序,眼科醫生診斷、治療並幫助預防眼疾。通過了解眼科範疇和定期眼睛檢查的重要性,個人可以採取積極措施保護視力和整體眼睛健康。無論是遇到眼部問題還是僅需眼睛檢查,諮詢眼科醫生都能確保眼睛獲得適當的照護。

 

參考資料
[1] “Recognised Specialties and Fellows Register,” 06 Feb 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.hkam.org.hk/sites/default/files/PDFs/2024/SPECRE25%20(Specialty%20descriptions%20-20240206).pdf?v=1736316996530. [Accessed 10 Feb 2025].

[2] “Ophthalmology,” 09 Feb 2025. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmology. [Accessed 10 Feb 2025].

[3] “Specialist Registration,” [Online]. Available: https://www.hkam.org.hk/en/specialist-registration. [Accessed 10 Feb 2025].

[4] “Specialist Registration – Ophthalmology,” January 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.mchk.org.hk/english/list_register/list.php?type=S&fromlist=Y&advancedsearch=Y&regno=S07. [Accessed 10 Feb 2025].

[5] “Ophthalmology: Key Aspects,” 22 May 2024. [Online]. Available: https://medical.hee.nhs.uk/medical-training-recruitment/medical-specialty-training/ophthalmology#:~:text=Surgical%20procedures%20%2D%20Ophthalmologists%20are%20skilled,within%20the%20scope%20of%20ophthalmology. [Accessed 10 Feb 2025].

[6] “Oculoplastics,” 21 May 2024. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculoplastics. [Accessed 10 Feb 2025].

[7] “Oculoplastics service,” 28 April 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.newcastle-hospitals.nhs.uk/services/eye-department/oculoplastics-service/. [Accessed 10 Feb 2025].

[8] “Chalazion (meibomian cyst),” 4 Sept 2024. [Online]. Available: https://info.health.nz/conditions-treatments/eyes/chalazion-meibomian-cyst. [Accessed 11 Feb 2025].

[9] “What Is a Blocked Tear Duct?,” 1 March 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-blocked-tear-duct. [Accessed 10 Feb 2025].

[10] “Conjunctivitis,” 9 July 2024. [Online]. Available: https://info.health.nz/conditions-treatments/eyes/conjunctivitis. [Accessed 11 Feb 2025].

[11] “20 Surprising Health Problems an Eye Exam Can Catch,” 24 April 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/surprising-health-conditions-eye-exam-detects. [Accessed 10 Feb 2025].

[12] Yadav S, Tandon R. Comprehensive eye examination: what does it mean?. Community Eye Health, 17 Dec 2019. [Online]. Available: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7041818/#:~:text=A%20CEE%20consists%20of%20a,as%20a%20yearly%20check%2Dup. [Accessed 10 Feb 2025].

[13] “What Is Optical Coherence Tomography?,” 26 Sept 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.aao.org/eye-health/treatments/what-is-optical-coherence-tomography. [Accessed 10 Feb 2025].

[14] Ruia S, Tripathy K. Humphrey Visual Field. StatPearls, 25 August 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585112/. [Accessed 11 Feb 2025].

[15] Panwar N, Huang P, Lee J, et al. Fundus Photography in the 21st Century—A Review of Recent Technological Advances and Their Implications for Worldwide Healthcare. Telemed J E Health, March 2016. [Online]. Available: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4790203/. [Accessed 10 Feb 2025].

[16] “Overview of Major Ophthalmic Surgeries,” [Online]. Available: https://eyeguru.org/blog/major-ophthalmology-surgeries-explained/. [Accessed 10 Feb 2025].

[17] Chen CJ, Herring J, Chen AS. Managing diabetic retinopathy: the partnership between ophthalmologist and primary care physician. J Miss State Med Assoc, July 1995. [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7674296/. [Accessed 10 Feb 2025].

[18] “Ocular involvement in cutaneous connective tissue disease,” 20 Feb 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0738081X15002369. [Accessed 10 Feb 2025].

[19] Pirani V, Pelliccioni P, De Turris S, et al. The Eye as a Window to Systemic Infectious Diseases: Old Enemies, New Imaging. J Clin Med, 5 Sept 2019. [Online]. Available: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6780210/. [Accessed 11 Feb 2025].

[20] Lam PT. The challenges of ophthalmic training and accreditation in Hong Kong. Hong Kong J Ophthalmol, 1 Dec 2008;12(1):3-6 [Online]. Available from: https://hkjo.hk/index.php/hkjo/article/view/57 [Accessed 11 Feb 2025].

[21] “Ophthalmic Surgery,” [Online]. Available: https://www.rcsi.com/surgery/training/surgery/ophthalmic-surgery/overview. [Accessed 10 Feb 2025].

[22] “Clinical Subspecialties,” 10 Feb 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.snec.com.sg/patient-care/specialties-and-services/clinical-subspecialties. [Accessed 10 Feb 2025].

[23] “20 Reasons to See an Ophthalmologist,” 3 April 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/why-ophthalmologist-eye-exam-2020-vision. [Accessed 10 Feb 2025].

[24] “Eye Screening for Children,” 10 July 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/children-eye-screening. [Accessed 10 Feb 2025].

[25] “Get an Eye Disease Screening at 40,” 2 April 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/screening. [Accessed 10 Feb 2025].

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獲得針對檢查、疾病和慢性病的個人化照護。
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