醫學審核日期：2025年2月16日
免責聲明：本文僅為提供一般教育資訊，並不構成醫療建議、醫患關係，亦不代表對任何特定治療、產品、服務或醫療機構的推薦。如有健康問題，請諮詢註冊醫療專業人員。
什麼是全科醫生（GP）？
全科醫生（GP）是為個人和家庭提供全面初級醫療服務的醫生。他們通常是醫療體系中的第一接觸點，提供廣泛的醫療服務，並在必要時協調專科治療。通過處理急性疾病、管理慢性病症和推廣預防性醫療，全科醫生對維護個人和社區健康起著不可或缺的作用。[1-3]
全科醫生的職責
全科醫生在醫療保健中扮演多面手角色…
- 診斷與治療 [5-6]
- 治療感冒、流感和感染等常見疾病
- 管理糖尿病、高血壓和哮喘等慢性病
- 處理焦慮或抑鬱等心理健康問題
- 進行傷口縫合或痣切除等小型外科手術
- 預防性醫療 [7]
全科醫生通過以下方式促進健康和預防疾病：
- 疫苗接種（如流感疫苗、兒童免疫接種）
- 健康篩查（如血壓檢查、膽固醇檢測）
- 癌症篩查（如子宮頸抹片檢查、乳房X光檢查）
- 關於飲食、運動、戒煙和飲酒的生活方式諮詢
- 醫療協調 [8]:
全科醫生在協調專科醫療服務方面發揮核心作用：
- 轉介患者進行高級診斷檢查或專科治療
- 與其他醫療專業人員協作確保全面護理
何時需要諮詢全科醫生
除了治療疾病外，諮詢全科醫生的原因還包括：
- 常規體檢：定期就診有助於監測整體健康狀況。[9]
- 預防性篩查：早期發現高血壓或糖尿病等疾病可預防併發症。[10]
- 健康建議：獲取體重管理、壓力應對等生活方式指導。[11]
- 家庭計劃：討論避孕選擇或孕前健康。[12]
- 旅行醫學：獲取旅行相關風險的疫苗或藥物建議。[13]
- 心理健康支持：解決壓力、焦慮或抑鬱等問題。[14]
常規全科醫生就診頻率建議
就診頻率取決於年齡、健康狀況和風險因素：
- 健康成年人（18-39歲）：每2-3年一次常規體檢
- 中年成年人（40-64歲）：每1-2年一次預防性篩查
- 老年人（65歲以上）：每年一次或更頻繁（如有慢性病）
有特定健康風險或長期醫療問題者可能需要更頻繁就診。
連續性醫療的重要性 [15]
全科醫療的特點是連續性照護。固定全科醫生能實現：
- 深入了解患者病史
- 量身定制的個性化治療方案
- 及時發現患者健康狀況變化
研究表明連續性醫療可改善治療效果、提高滿意度並降低醫療成本。
培訓與資質
全科醫生需接受多年教育培訓 [16]：
- 完成醫學學位（5-6年）
- 實習和/或其他臨床培訓（1-3年）
- 持續的職業生涯專業發展
在香港，全科醫生必須在香港醫務委員會（MCHK）註冊才能執業。[17]
結論
全科醫生（GP）是醫療體系的核心，為個人和家庭提供可及、以患者為中心的醫療服務。他們診斷治療各類疾病，提供預防性醫療，協調專科治療。定期就診有助於維護健康、早期發現問題並有效管理慢性病。通過與患者建立長期關係，全科醫生確保連續性醫療，促進健康和社區福祉。
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參考資料
[1] “A vision for primary health care in the 21st century: towards universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals. Geneva: World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF),” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/primary-health/vision.pdf. [Accessed 16 Feb 2025].
[2] Munteanu A, Lighezan DF, Rosca MS, et al. The Family Doctor in the “COVID-19 Era”. Healthcare (Basel). 2024 Dec 27;13(1):32. [Online]. Available: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11719683/. [Accessed 16 Feb 2025].
[3] “Defining the specialty of general practice: position statement,” 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.acrrm.org.au/docs/default-source/all-files/college-position-statement-defining-the-specialty-of-general-practice.pdf?sfvrsn=e99a90eb_23. [Accessed 16 Feb 2025].
[4] Starfield B, Shi L, Macinko J. Contribution of Primary Care to Health Systems and Health. The Milbank Quarterly. 2005 Sept;83(3):457–502. [Online]. Available: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2690145/pdf/milq0083-0457.pdf. [Accessed 16 Feb 2025].
[5] Zhang L, Wang G, Chen H, et al. Diagnostic ability for common skin diseases among general practitioners working in community health service centers in Shanghai, China: a cross-sectional study. Ann Med. 2025 Dec;57(1):2442066. [Online]. Available: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11654032/. [Accessed 16 Feb 2025].
[6] Ohta R, Sano C. Effectiveness of General Medicine in the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Rural Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Ethnography. Cureus. 2024 Nov 15;16(11):e73726. [Online]. Available: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11646328/pdf/cureus-0016-00000073726.pdf. [Accessed 16 Feb 2025].
[7] Ceccarelli A, Munafò G, Sintoni F, et al. Effectiveness of General Practitioners’ Involvement in Adult Vaccination Practices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of International Evidence. Vaccines (Basel). 2024 Dec 20;12(12):143. [Online]. Available: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11680296/. [Accessed 16 Feb 2025].
[8] Rosemann T, Wensing M, Rueter G, et al. Referrals from general practice to consultants in Germany: if the GP is the initiator, patients’ experiences are more positive. BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jan 19;6:5. [Online]. Available: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1386652/pdf/1472-6963-6-5.pdf. [Accessed 16 Feb 2025].
[9] “Routine Screenings,” Johns Hopkins Medicine, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/routine-screenings. [Accessed 16 Feb 2025].
[10] “AAFP Clinical Preventive Services Recommendations,” American Academy of Family Physicians, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/aafp-cps.html. [Accessed 16 Feb 2025].
[11] “Integrating diet, physical activity and weight management services into primary care,” World Health Organization, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/344017/9789289052214-eng.pdf. [Accessed 16 Feb 2025].
[12] “Reproductive Health Clinical Recommendations & Guidelines,” American Academy of Family Physicians, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/recommendations-by-topic/reproductive-health-clinical-recommendations-guidelines.html. [Accessed 16 Feb 2025].
[13] “Pre-travel health advice fact sheet,” International Society of Travel Medicine, 1 Oct 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.istm.org/wp-content/uploads/general-travel-health-advice.pdf. [Accessed 16 Feb 2025].
[14] “Mental health,” Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.racgp.org.au/clinical-resources/clinical-guidelines/guidelines-by-topic/mental-health-1. [Accessed 16 Feb 2025].
[15] Pereira Gray DJ, Sidaway-Lee K, White E, et al. Continuity of care with doctors—a matter of life and death? A systematic review of continuity of care and mortality. BMJ Open 2018;8:e021161. [Online]. Available: https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/8/6/e021161.full.pdf. [Accessed 16 Feb 2025].
[16] Tisseghem E, Fleer J, Horlait M, et al. From trainee to general practitioner: A qualitative study of transition experiences of Flemish GP trainees, European Journal of General Practice, 31:1.,” 2025. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2024.2443603. [Accessed 16 Feb 2025].
[17] “List of Registered Medical Practitioners,” Medical Council of Hong Kong, [Online]. Available: https://www.mchk.org.hk/english/list_register/advanced_search.php. [Accessed 16 Feb 2025].
[18] “Mental Health & Well-being,” American Academy of Family Physicians, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/prevention-wellness/emotional-wellbeing.html. [Accessed 16 Feb 2025].
